London once again the world’s most expensive city to build in

London is back at the top of the ranking of the most expensive construction locations in the world.

Double-digit price growth in Munich has propelled the Bavarian capital significantly up the rankings. It has overtaken US cities including New York (5th) and San Francisco (6th) in terms of relative cost to build. 

The report found that cities in the UK and Ireland are relatively expensive places to build – all those included in the study are in the top 25 most expensive construction locations globally, except Belfast, which ranked 28th.

Although inflation levels were moderate in the UK, specification enhancements related to building safety, sustainability and client expectations pushed prices up further than most other locations. 

Viability challenges have continued to affect projects, even as inflation has fallen. New regulations focused on low-carbon emissions and improved building safety also created uncertainty and added to project costs. 

Arcadis noted that uncertainty could continue in 2024 due to the upcoming local, mayoral and general elections.   

The study covers 100 of the world’s large cities across six continents. The cost comparison was developed to include 20 different building types, including residential, commercial and public sector developments.

It is based on a survey of construction costs, a review of market conditions and analysis by Arcadis’ global team of experts. The calculations are in US dollars and indexed against the price range for each building type relative to Amsterdam.